Spacecraft can charge to negative 10s of kilo volts at geosynchronous earth orbit geo due to interactions with the space plasma this raises spacecraft electronics or solar panel damage concerns. Space plasmas are assumed neutral although the plasma densities may fluctuate their time scales inverse of plasma frequencies are much faster than spacecraft potential variations spacecraft charging takes a longer time than the ambient plasma fluctuations because it takes time to fill up capacitances in the spacecraft charging community. Fundamentals of spacecraft charging spacecraft interactions with space plasmas shu t lai fundamentals of spacecraft charging is the first and only textbook to bring together all the necessary concepts and equations for a complete understanding of the subject written by one of the fields leading authorities this essential reference . Fundamentals of spacecraft charging spacecraft interactions with space plasmas lai shu t 9780691129471 books amazonca